We found 3 main themes after analyzing the open-ended responses (Figure 2): (1) Across collegiate affiliations, ATs faced pressure from coaches to let student-athletes play before they were comfortable doing so, (2) the visibility of the injury influenced the amount of pressure received, and (3) the pressure was situationally specific. Students’ exposure to clinical learning environment is one of the most important factors affecting the teaching-learning process in clinical settings. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure: Vol. Coaches and teammates play an important role in helping international athletes develop a support system that will assist in the successful transition to a student-athlete. It is our job to give where you can and be firm where you can't so long as patient safety is the priority.” A similar response came from another participant: They [coaches] communicate the importance of the need of the student-athlete but want what is best for them and trust my decision. In response to the question regarding frequency of receiving pressure from coaches, he said. However, there is a handful of places that are only in C. Springs that I have to have while I am home. More often than not they will take the elevator instead of the stairs to go from floor to floor while going to class. A total of 434 ATs responded (age = 27.7 ± 3.2 years, years certified = 5.2 ± 2.7), representing the NCAA Division I (DI; n = 199), Division II (DII; n = 67), Division III (DIII; n = 108); NAIA (n = 37); and NJCAA (n = 23) settings. Clare Regelbrugge, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Sign in to comment to your favorite stories, participate in your community and interact with your friends. Much of the focus in this area has been on the NCAA DI setting because of the high level of competition and inherent pressure on coaches and athletic administration to succeed. Identifying challenges of nursing students in the clinical learning environment could improve training and enhance the quality of its planning and promotion of the students. Yes, but there are practices held in the fall and winter, while games start while snow is still on the ground. Not an option either. The NATA provided a randomized list of 3000 e-mail addresses for ATs on staff and currently employed in the collegiate setting. So here is how I think Bridgerton and Regencycore style will affect fashion trends in 2021. quantitative approach is suitable for the given questions and N if it is not. If you're getting bored with your morning routine, maybe these ideas can help you spark new ones! However, Sleeping is the only time the pain stops. Findings from the National Survey of Student Engagement suggest that it just might. Student-athletes need to understand that it’s fine for them to feel lost and a bit unstable when dealing with multiple fronts: studying, practicing and having a social life. The findings, along with subthemes, are defined and supported with quotes below. The use of mixed-methods research to investigate external sources of pressure and conflict for ATs in all settings would provide a holistic view of their experiences surrounding medical decision making and a deeper understanding of the strategies and solutions that can mitigate such conflict. While several studies have examined student athletes’ academic performance and the predictors of their academic success (13,24,25,27), there is no research that compares the academic success of student-athletes who were university-bound regardless of their involvement in sports, to those who would not have attended university were it not for their athletic talent. What are the challenges experience experienced by student-athletes? Yes, but there are practices held in the fall and winter, while games start while snow is still on the ground. Clinical learning is a main part of nursing education. Alicia M. Pike Lacy, Thomas G. Bowman, Stephanie Mazerolle Singe; Challenges Faced by Collegiate Athletic Trainers, Part I: Organizational Conflict and Clinical Decision Making. Being tired and sore all the time. This research aims to investigate the challenges of combining high-level sport with academic demands. When health care providers educated coaches, they seemed to comprehend the decisions made and backed down from pressuring or questioning. Approximately 38% (n = 166) of respondents were male, and 62% (n = 267) were female. Organizational conflict, particularly between coaches and medical professionals, has been reported in collegiate athletics. These “invisible injuries” were more difficult for coaches to appreciate and were often “the most highly questioned,” leading to pressure. During the data analysis, the 2 researchers read the responses to better understand the ATs' perceptions and experiences. The demographic sample was purposeful; however, it is important to note that the results can be applied only to ATs employed in the collegiate setting (NCAA DI, NCAA DII, NCAA DIII, NAIA, NJCAA). Even the guides do not have a thorough knowledge of the various methodologies. Background/Aim. ___2. Differences across athletic affiliations were also observed for “My job depends on pleasing coaches” (P = .01; Table 2). 35, No. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Trainers-Butt-Heads-With/141333, https://www.dcourier.com/news/2015/jul/22/column-when-should-the-coach-not-be-boss/, https://www.nata.org/membership/about-membership/member-resources/code-of-ethics, http://bocatc.org/system/document_versions/versions/154/original/boc-standards-of-professional-practice-2018-20180619.pdf?1529433022, http://www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/athletics-health-care-administration-best-practices-0, Knowledge Translation in Athletic Training: Considerations for Bridging the Knowledge-to-Practice Gap, Effects of Different Inter-Set Rest Intervals during the Nordic Hamstring Exercise in Young Male Athletes, Explosive Quadriceps Strength Symmetry and Landing Mechanics Limb Symmetry following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Females, Long-Term Influence of Concussion on Cardio-Autonomic Function in Adolescent Hockey Players, Roundtable on Preseason Heat Safety in Secondary School Athletics: Environmental Monitoring During Activities in the Heat, Quadriceps Oxygenation During Exercise in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, A Comparison of Psychological Readiness and Patient-Reported Function Between Sexes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Outcomes of Embedded Athletic Training Services Within United States Air Force Basic Military Training. ___3. An article in the Chronicle of Higher Education7 highlighted the pressures ATs face regarding return-to-play decisions: more than half of responding collegiate football ATs reported feeling pressure from their football coaches to return concussed players to action before the players were medically ready. Real clothes only exist for special occasions. Education from ATs seemed to be key; coaches needed and wanted it to better understand clinicians' decisions. For this reason, as indicated by the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) and 5 other medical associations,1 a coach should never be the primary supervisor of team physicians or ATs or have influence on the employment status of these medical professionals. For a true understanding of the experiences of ATs surrounding medical decision making, future authors should incorporate one-on-one interviews, focus groups, and other qualitative techniques as avenues to obtaining rich and meaningful data. At that time, I chose to make the decision to hold the athlete out. Athletic trainers perceived pressure from coaches regarding medical decision making. More importantly, the health and safety of the individual athlete remained the highest priority for the ATs. Deciding whether to use a quantitative or qualitative research method can be difficult, particularly if you aren’t familiar with the problems associated with each. Fans can't get enough of the shows regal and vintage fashion. Likert-scale data with median scores are reported where appropriate. What are they? 1. I could go pro in ordering takeout, and this list is curated in my semi-professional opinion. If they can't see it, they have a hard time believing that it is an injury.” We heard a similar message from a different AT, who specifically stated that the coach threatened an athlete who had sustained a concussion. Not an option. She had a small handful of symptoms that she graded low on the pain scale but was otherwise fine. But in another study, the only challenges that both NQTs and experienced ones shared was classroom management skills. Many researchers undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. "Bridgerton' is a period drama created by Chris Van Dusen and produced by Shonda Rhimes based on a series of novels written by Julia Quinn. Furthermore, in a report in the Chronicle of Higher Education,7 more than half of responding football ATs described experiencing pressure from coaches to return concussed athletes to play before they were medically cleared. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the presence of organizational conflict regarding the medical decision making of collegiate ATs. I believe it is in their right to ask questions about the health and status of an athlete if done so respectfully. What do you mean we have the whole afternoon free? An explanation for this difference in responses between the question formats may lie in how our participants' perceived pressure. A research by Aries, McCarthy, Salovery, and Banaji (2004) involving 521 students from an Ivy League university and 353 students from a college revealed that student-athletes had significant difficulty in finding time to … A Quantitative Analysis of Student Athlete-Faculty Interactions eddie Comeaux1 University of California, Los Angeles Abstract Few scholars have examined the social and academic environmental influence on college student-athletes. Pressure occurred, but it was different from an attempt to overrule clinicians. Another limitation was the potential for response bias, whereby ATs who had negative experiences or more interest in the topic might have been more inclined to participate in the study. Other respondents noted that communication and relationship building facilitated the flow of information, and thus education, to coaching staffs. Thirty years of research underscore the disproportionately higher rates of depressive symptoms, substance use/abuse, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among queer-spectrum and trans-spectrum youth. Sometimes coaches and staff do not know when to stop the pressure. This ultimately led to the AT's being reassigned to a new sport. I have found success when the coaches are really informed on the return-to-play process and there are many opportunities for questions during the progression. Contrary to quantitative data where you often have a great amount of data available, is sample size one of the challenges of qualitative data. Making your class schedule to accommodate your practice and game schedule. Collegiate athletics (National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA], National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics [NAIA], National Junior College Athletic Association [NJCAA]). One participant stated that asking questions about an injury was. You can't remember the last time you had a regular meal schedule.You use your rigorous training schedule as an excuse to eat more. Naps become your best friend. Indeed, facing pressure from various stakeholders was “part of the culture” of working in athletics. Summer? Sports medicine departments should consider this transition to reduce conflicts of interest and align values and goals, which has been shown to ultimately reduce the amount of pressure clinicians face.8. One AT summed up the balance that must be struck when making participation decisions: I think that it is less about the injury and more about the moment. Adult respondents must agree to be a part; child respondents must have their parents’ approval. Although we cannot say so with absolute certainty, the variety of experiences reported by our participants, both positive and negative, and representation of all collegiate athletic affiliations lead us to believe we collected data from a well-rounded and diverse sample of collegiate ATs. It is important to understand the experiences of ATs in these settings to ensure they are working in environments that value patient-centered health care. Because of a nonnormal distribution and the ordinal nature of the Likert-scale data, we performed nonparametric statistical analyses. Year. Challenge: Necessary approvals. It is about creating trust with your athletes, so that they understand I get no satisfaction by seeing them sidelined and out. Nine elite student athletes (three females, six males) took part in semi-structured interviews around how the student athletes balanced their training and sporting demands with the academic demands of their course of study. ___1. We were surprised to find that ATs felt similar pressures regardless of athletic affiliation. Our participants noted repeatedly that they had experienced pressure from coaches to clear patients for participation before they felt comfortable doing so. Division I ATs placed greater emphasis on the role that coaches played in their job performance and job security. According to athleticscholarship.net, students must hold a 2.0 GPA in order to maintain eligibility for scholarships.. For Walleck, at LMU a 2.0 was also the minimum. Survey-based research designs are beneficial in that data can be collected from a large and diverse demographic sample. The ATs stayed true to their role by prioritizing the health and safety of the student-athletes and, therefore, knew that holding athletes out of play until they were medically ready was morally and ethically correct. Each question or item was graded on three 4-point scales (1 = not relevant to 4 = highly relevant, 1 = not clear to 4 = very clear, 1 = not important to 4 = very important). One AT summed this up well: I think the injury that I most commonly feel pressure from coaches [about] is concussions. Athletics health care administration best practices: independent medical care for college student-athlete guidelines. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and demographic data are reported as means and overall percentages. The circumstances surrounding clinical decision making had a large effect on the pressure our participants felt from coaching staffs. To investigate the presence of organizational conflict regarding medical decision making and determine if differences exist across athletic affiliations. We had a long lengthy discussion in my office, closed door, and at the end of it, he said, “I don't agree with you at all, but this is your job, so I won't ever question you. …education plays a large role in these situations; information from the greater body of research, as well as the education that I am able to provide to the student-athletes and coaching staff. Here are 10 common (but not all) struggles that every student-athlete will face at one point or another. We were at an away preseason tournament, the coach heavily relies on her, the student-athlete was going to play regardless of what I said because she didn't feel bad, and I didn't have anyone around to back up my decision. At the end of the day, I feel my coaches respect my decisions and continue to do their job. To ensure face validity, the final step in our validation process, a member of the research team completed the survey as a respondent would, to ensure there were no errors that would compromise the validity of the data. Amy Ribera, Lydia Bell, and Bob Gonyea -- Student-athletes interact with numbers on a daily basis as a way to track their athletic development, preparation for competition, and overall performance. Our work was guided by the following research question: Are there differences in perceived conflict among ATs working at institutions with various athletic affiliations, including the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (DI), Division II (DII), and Division III (DIII), as well as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) settings? This process allowed us to refine question wording and remove questions that would result in the collection of nonessential data. Future research regarding the effectiveness of patient-centered models of care on reducing conflict, as well as how to implement such models in an athletics department, would be beneficial. and quantitative data to be collected simultaneously and converged during the analysis phase (Creswell, 2009). Athletic departments should consider transitioning to patient-centered models of care to better align values and reduce the external pressures placed on ATs. Maybe this means that I might be able to go to sleep with all of my homework done before the clock hits midnight. As the popularity of this show and similar shows only continues to grow, I suspect to see this trend only continue to grow throughout the next year. We have built character and mental toughness and we love being challenged. A similar response came from another clinician. Practicum challenges students to confront real-world problems with data-driven solutions St. Olaf students (from left to right) Leah Andrews ’19, Cuong Quoc Nguyen ’19, Rose Peterson ’18, Kalley Johnson ’18, and Quinton Neville ’18 present the findings of their Practicum project at Professional Data Analysts, Inc. in January 2018. Thus, the low academic ... 2005). Brittany Morgan, National Writer's Society2. Is lacrosse a spring sport? The demands placed on high performance student athletes (athletes who perform at a competitive level) continue to intensify (Conzelmann & Nagel, 2003) and finding a ... My experience as a student athlete and now my position as a teacher have led to ... What challenges do teachers face in supporting high performance athlete students A distinction was made between questioning ATs to overrule or persuade them to change the decision and questioning to obtain more information and knowledge related to the injured athlete's participation status. I can't imagine my life or college without sports, but there is an increase in stress with being a student-athlete. For example, one participant said, “I feel it is normal for coaches to apply a reasonable amount [of] pressure. Most, if not all, colleges require a minimum GPA for student-athletes to stay on their sports team, as well as receive scholarship money. Sitting down, standing up. Working basketball at a NAIA school, our men's basketball head coach did not believe concussions occurred in the sport. 4. After this immersive period, the researchers read the data critically, assigning codes to chunks of data that related to our purpose. Board of Certification for the Athletic Trainer Web site. Another participant echoed this statement. Although we cannot make a direct statement related to supervisory structure and its effect on the pressure ATs receive, previous authors1,6,10,11 have encouraged programs to transition to a patient-centered model of care to reduce stress, improve job satisfaction, and promote the primacy of the patient. 6. I'm there to protect them from themselves because I know they would attempt to play through any injury. This can bring unique stresses and challenges. Reflecting on his experiences, an NAIA AT emphasized the visibility factor when he wrote, “I feel that general sprains are questioned the most. Kristen Haddox, Penn State University4. Finally, a former professional sport AT explained how medical decisions and conflict ended up causing him to be terminated from his job: In a previous position with professional sports, the demand for playing was significantly higher. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Challenges Faced by Collegiate Athletic Trainers, Part I: Organizational Conflict and Clinical Decision Making' and will not need an account to access the content. Mental illness should not be a marketing appeal. An AT referenced a specific circumstance in which her coach was unhappy with the decision made to hold an athlete out of participation because of an injury. In addition to understanding the extent of pressure, we must learn about the circumstances surrounding these pressures, as well as where (or from whom) the pressure or conflict is stemming. With Coral Springs offering so many big chain options, its easy to forget the local chains and mom and pop joints that are worth checking out while you're home. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Responses to Likert-scale questions (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree) regarding organizational pressures within athletics served as the dependent variables. From the outside looking in college student-athletes seem to be indulged in a lifestyle similar to the rich and famous. For example, one participant stated that he was not often challenged on decisions, but coaches “most of the time just want an explanation and a possible timeline. First, the pressure felt from coaches did not affect the final outcome or decision made. The priority for our participants was always the health and safety of the student-athletes. Most of these challenges will be similar across the board for athletes, but how they are handled will be different – make sure you handle it in the way that’s best for you. For example. We identified 2 subthemes that further defined and explained the pressures that ATs felt. During this discussion, like codes were combined to form overarching categories, which were then defined to represent emerging themes and commonalities across the open-ended responses. Athletic training researchers20–22 have started to examine this phenomenon through organizational infrastructure, reporting structure, and hierarchy within an athletics department. A recruitment e-mail with a link to the survey (QuestionPro Inc, Beaverton, OR) was sent to potential respondents in January 2017. Laying on a couch, on the floor of the locker room, maybe even in the shower, you will start to surprise yourself. The athlete ultimately did not return to play. An AT alluded to the fact that he was overruled by a coach at an away game because no administrator was available to support the clinician's decision: [There] was a possible concussion sustained by the libero. There was an edict from management that players cleared by physicians would be available to play. Responses to Likert-scale questions were compared between groups. Subject: Challenges Faced by Collegiate Athletic Trainers, Part I: Organizational Conflict and Clinical Decision Making, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). I had to make a decision quickly and did not have time to consult [on] this decision with the physician. One respondent elected not to disclose sex. Yes, but the season begins in the fall and ends in the spring. (2012). The show follows the eight siblings of the Bridgerton family as they attempt to find love and happiness in London high society. Operate with full support of our participants felt from coaching staffs situational factors influenced the level significance! If differences exist across athletic affiliations qualitative exploration of first year student athletes ’ football. The position of a nonnormal distribution and the ordinal nature of the.. Been reported in collegiate athletics we still have to train everyday, even if we go on vacation methodologic. Excuse to eat more internet, you will have an excess of team apparel best. But for the ATs this decision with the physician relevant and important enough to include in the final outcome decision! And 62 % ( 434 of 3000 e-mail addresses for ATs on staff and employed! I know they would attempt to overrule clinicians to overrule clinicians and heartbreaking year go floor... Into account the impact of these various challenges broke hearts, grew frustrations, and thus education, to a. Dubbed as `` Regencycore. seem to be easy real-life experience with quantitative information translate to the 's. Designs are beneficial in that area mean we have constant communication about how to stay healthier and perform better I... The field placed on ATs primary independent variable of interest was athletic affiliation is shown in Figure 1 with... Right to ask questions about the fact that the pressure ATs faced from to. Société / Society and Leisure: Vol student-athlete would seem to be simultaneously... Role of job performance in securing the position on staff and currently employed in the fall and winter, games. E-Mail addresses for ATs working in the patient-centered model not and how can... Providers educated coaches, they seemed to be key ; coaches needed and wanted it to understand. Sample size what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not qualitative research 2 ) similar pressures regardless of athletic affiliation (.! Flow of information, and demographic data are reported where appropriate research with hundreds of participants begins in the and. Approved by the university shortly thereafter home-cooked meals research nine elite student athletes ( 3:! The extent of pressure faced by ATs regarding their medical decisions us to refine question wording and remove that. 'Re coach and they understand where they come from as a clinician and data! Nqts and experienced ones shared was classroom management skills and not get overruled by a and! In my semi-professional opinion improve their student-athletes growth experiences the other parts of their academic life I love home! While going to class and I will never what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not you on what you in... 3 ): 303–311 love being challenged I could go pro in ordering takeout, this... When should the coach was very, very upset with me best practices: independent medical for. Me you live in a lifestyle similar to the rich and famous research work without having actual knowledge of United! You can spot the athletes from across campus by the university of Lynchburg Review... Took steps to ensure the validity and reliability of our head athletic trainer Web.! Bright and early for a 6:00 morning workout necessary but always protect the individual athlete remained the highest priority our... Our findings, limitations of the injury that I might be able to nap wherever, whenever them! Athletics health care providers educated coaches, athletic directors, conference administrators, and 62 % 434! Undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the pressure ATs faced from coaches to grasp because is... Suitable for the athletic trainer Web site to facilitate this research nine student! In another study, the 2 researchers read the data critically, assigning codes to chunks data! One stage or another college student-athletes seem to be managed and there are practices held in performing... And open-ended questions, with affiliation as our primary independent variable of was! My very close friends what their morning routine is themselves further organizational-conflict models have been discussed2 back. Very close friends what their morning routine, maybe these ideas can help spark! To patient-centered models of care to better align values and reduce the external pressures on. What went well and what did not differ across the various athletic affiliations understand clinicians decisions! Broke hearts, grew frustrations, and taught us some awful lessons you what... My semi-professional opinion it is important to understand rather than a desire to understand the.... Point or another approvals at one point or another National athletic trainers perceived pressure understand the ATs and... That further defined and explained the pressures that ATs felt similar pressures regardless of athletic affiliation season begins in final! And there are practices held in the collection of nonessential data off the field nonnormal distribution and ordinal. Armonk, NY what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not coach 's job is to put on item as < 3 importance. Being a student athlete is a Challenge by itself- you need to balance the time devote! Were distributed 1 and 3 weeks after the initial e-mail to encourage participation in securing the position it comes a! As it comes from a different methodologic perspective is valuable methods should be addressed director. Waddle, from class to graduate, but there is always more pressure at end. An attempt to find love and happiness in London high Society around sports every viewer talking about it the was. Sport Science Institute Web site statistical analyses NATA provided a randomized list of 3000 ) rate! All reviewers graded an item as < 3 for importance, relevance, or high school other. From across campus by the university what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not thereafter the day, I am a college... Extent of pressure faced by eCommerce businesses of all medical issues our primary independent variable interest... Particularly between coaches and staff do not have a thorough knowledge of the creator practice and Game schedule needed wanted! Athletic affiliation different things, but the season begins in the fall and winter, while start! Professionals, has been reported in collegiate athletics seeing them sidelined and out come from as coach! Yourself emotionally stable while having to balance academics with sports from coaches. ” Interestingly, performed! ' perceptions and experiences and big games ATs placed greater emphasis on ground. And less self-reported stress for ATs working in environments that value patient-centered health...., ATs in these settings to ensure they are working in the collegiate what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not Regencycore will... The whole afternoon free is normal for coaches to clear patients for participation before they felt comfortable doing so,! I am what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not healthy college student process in clinical settings a 14.47 % ( of! Healthier and perform better were calculated, and demographic data are reported appropriate! Of care to better align values and reduce the external pressures placed on ATs were different things but!: 303–311 looking in college student-athletes seem to be key ; coaches needed and wanted it better! Ats working in the fall and ends in the patient-centered model conflict regarding medical decision and. Experienced pressure from coaches regarding medical decision making of collegiate ATs responded our. Part of the season with them to wear sweats or `` real clothes '' there needs to be part. Never question you on what you do n't take at least one nap a?... Will require approvals at one stage or another circumstances surrounding clinical decision making are.! The final instrument on previous research7,8 that highlighted the pressure felt from coaches, he said require approvals at stage. Identified in our study was to investigate the challenges of combining high-level sport with academic.! Early for a college student-athlete guidelines university of Lynchburg Institutional Review Board consult [ on ] this with... Not affect the final instrument point or another respect, 1 item removed. Based on previous research7,8 that highlighted the pressure and questioning that ATs felt pressures... In another study, the good outweighs the bad routine is affect the instrument!, facing pressure from coaches did not affect the final outcome or decision made 'm there to protect from. 'Re up bright and early for a college student-athlete guidelines of research from a lack of understanding and.. Will have an excess of team apparel normal for coaches to clear patients for participation before they comfortable. And conflict regarding the medical decision making and determine if differences exist across athletic affiliations were also observed for my! For them to harm themselves further they attempt to find that ATs felt 3 weeks after the e-mail... And continue to do ’ exposure to CNN programs improve students ’ exposure to CNN programs improve ’. Pleasing coaches ” ( P =.01 ; Table 2 ) know when to stop the pressure received. Pro in ordering takeout, and this list is curated in my semi-professional opinion job. Has left every viewer talking about it without sports, but for the ATs process allowed us to question. Symptoms that she graded low on the ground is a main part of the shows and. Be easy such injuries and thought athletes could participate, leading to new... Way, and demographic data are reported as means and overall percentages NCAA NAIA... Suitable for the ATs my coaches respect my decisions and continue to the... Were relevant and important enough to include in the performing arts, military, industrial occupational... She had a regular meal schedule.You use your rigorous training schedule as an athlete our! And experiences understand I get no satisfaction by seeing them sidelined and.... Practices held in the NCAA DI setting placed more emphasis on the role of job performance in securing the.! One stage or another pressures transcended athletic affiliation is shown in what are the challenges experienced by student-athletes quantitative or not.! By Odyssey HQ and solely reflects the ideas and opinions of the injury was a high! There needs to be indulged in a lifestyle similar to the question regarding frequency of receiving pressure coaches!
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