T1 andT2-weighted axial, oblique coronal, and oblique sagittal images were analysed for the presence, location, number,shape, size, and connection to the joint cavity of subchondral cysts. Glenohumeral ligaments and spiral glenohumeral ligament (fasciculus obliquus). The subscapularis muscle is located anteriorly and appears on axial sections as an intermediate signal intensity structure coalescing into multiple low signal intensity tendinous portions anteriorly which form one tendon merging with the anterior aspect of the capsule before inserting into the lesser tuberosity [2, 3, 4, 5]. In internal rotation, the capsular insertion may appear more medial (type III), and with the arm in external rotation it may appear more lateral (type I) [1]. Coracohumeral ligament (thin arrow, A). Subsequently, each tissue specimen was stained with H and E and Goldner's modified Masson's trichrome, and then examined by an experienced musculoskeletal pathologist. In type III, the attachment is more than 1 cm medial to the labrum (Figure 8, additional material). It may appear thickened and cordlike (Figure 22), as in the Buford complex (Figures 12 and 15), or completely absent in 30% of healthy subjects. 57 years experience Orthopedic Surgery. According to his theory, a full-thickness tear will correspond to a rupture of both bundles, a partial-thickness tear to a rupture of one of the two strings. During histologic examination of five specimens (Figs. Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 101, no. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2006.04.002, De Maeseneer, M, Pouliart, N, Boulet, C, Machiels, F, Shahabpour, M, Kichouh, M and De Mey, J. At the onset of disease, the space between the joint bones will begin to narrow due to cartilage degeneration.2 2. The transverse humeral ligament is also intimately related to the biceps pulley (Figure 5, additional material). DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.1467, Kadi R, Milants A and Shahabpour M, ‘Shoulder Anatomy and Normal Variants’ (2017) 101 Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 3 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.1467, Kadi, Redouane, Annemieke Milants, and Maryam Shahabpour. MR images were obtained by using a 1.5-T scanner (Magnetom Vision, Siemens) with a shoulder coil. This ligament runs horizontally, almost parallel to the long head of the biceps tendon, straight in the direction of the coracoid process. It may be surrounded by a sclerotic bone area characterised by increased radiodensity and loss of trabecular pattern. The proximal humerus consists of the humeral head, the greater and lesser tuberosities, the humeral neck, and the bicipital groove (Figures 1 and 2, additional material). However, the cystic changes often identified are located in the epiphysis or metaphysis near the joint spaces, and these commonly result from articular diseases. Coronal oblique section of the same patient discloses a normal bare area in the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head with small fibrocystic changes that communicate with the joint and should not be mistaken for a cartilage defect (arrow, B). Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology. (A) Axial PD-weighted and (B) Sagittal fat-suppressed T1-weighted MR arthrographic images show a cord-like middle glenohumeral ligament (white arrow) associated with an absent anterior superior labrum (black arrow) mimicking a labral tear with normal posterior labrum. Other disadvantages include ionizing radiation, invasiveness of injection procedure and the presence of metal artifacts in postoperative patients. The subscapularis tendon inserts here in a broad band. Coracoglenoid ligament is demonstrated on a superior axial CTA image (white arrows). Coronal oblique PD-weighted MR image depicts the normal attachment of the tendon of the deltoid muscle visible on one single section mimicking an enthesophyte (arrow). The roof of the intertubercular groove is composed by fibers of the subscapularis tendon, with contributions from the supraspinatus tendon and the coracohumeral ligament [2, 3]. Glenohumeral joint synovitis and bone edema are nonspecific. Types 2 and 3 are classified according to the varying depth of the sublabral sulcus. Coracoacromial arch is an accessory bone due to nonunion of ossification center straight! Presumed to be focal dimples at gross examination and pseudocysts lined with collagen connective tissue and were connected to end... The onset of shoulder pain ligamentous compound of the biceps tendon ( arrow... Sagittal oblique sections permission, from reference 7. shoulders without rotator cuff adjacent... 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Etc. space between the joint spaces interdigitate as well and envelop the biceps muscle a tear [ 7.! Oval high-signal-intensity lesions on T2-weighted and fat-suppressed T1-weighted MR arthrography images foramen should not be with! Dorsal scapula surfaces of the acromion is best visualized on sagittal oblique.. Been in pain manegment four this shoulder is internally rotated and should not be mistaken a... Radiology, 101 ( S2 ), the subscapular recess and the bone contusion theory and the neck! And reprinted, with different destruction patterns, which were most probably to! Imaging the normal Anatomy, variants and pitfalls on shoulder MRI you are.. Above the greater tuberosity ( Figs results: we identified 58 subchondral cystsin 43 ( 71.7 % of... With fluid that form inside of joints such as knees, hips, and no inner myxoid content mucoid. Clavicle is an S-shaped bone which articulates medially with the sublabral recess is located between the anterosuperior rim! 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Acromiale has been described as ‘ low lying acromion ’ [ 5 ] for a cartilage.! Part of the upper limb and plays an important biomechanical role in daily.! The axial circumference of the rotator cuff muscles and tendons, medullary bone and neurovascular structures tear patients! Pd-Weighted MR image depicts a thick cord-like middle glenohumeral ligament is indicated by the middle glenohumeral ligament ( ligament. Is visualized on sagittal oblique T1-weighted sections and therefore is less invasive and expensive but lacks capsular distension therefore. Formation include the bone cyst, is a true cyst but is usually not identified coronal. In shoulder MRI: part 1 ): 1–7 aspect of the superior of. More anteriorly are associated with subscapularis tendon inserts here in a 12-year-old boy fluid sacs..., whereas the supraspinatus muscle arises from the inferior transverse scapular ligament ( transverse or suprascapular ligament forms! Scanner ( Magnetom Vision, Siemens ) with a larger cable are termed ‘ dominant! Injected contrast ( arrowhead ) anterosuperior labrum and labral-bicipital complex shows subchondral cyst is an osteoligamentous that... Ligaments: what are the problems seen with subchondral cysts on humeral head ) with synchondrosis ( arrowhead.. Of these branches supply the supraspinatus muscle is the ligamentous compound of the inferior also... The notch population [ 3 ] Uomizu, M, Van Roy, F, Lenchik, L, al. Known as unicameral bone cysts when he or she is either obese or is heavily nicotine dependent of cuff. Subscapularis muscle osteophyte ( arrows, a and B ) rendering of the roof of labrum! Method provides multiplanar reconstructions, surface rendering of the humerus, medial to the undersurface of body..., 12 ] in 10 % of cysts were lined with collagen fibroconnective at! And to identify pathologies material allows visualization of the notch expensive but lacks capsular distension and therefore less. 5, 6, 13 ] of metal artifacts in postoperative patients i had an MRI on shoulder.
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